高考阅读理解备考指南
教育部考试中心2018年《普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》中规定，阅读理解部分要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：（1）理解主旨要义；（2）理解文中具体信息；（3）根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义；（4）做出判断和推理；（5）理解文章的基本结构；（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。大家在平时的学习中已经对这些题型有了基本的了解，下面主要讲我们在最后阶段应如何快速提高解答阅读理解题的准确率和速度。
一、先题后文，忌一概精读
先看题目，再读文章——这种方法看似简单，却可以给考生节约很多宝贵的时间。该方法适用于所有体裁的阅读理解文章，尤其适用于应用文。因为阅读理解测试不仅考查受试者的精读能力，还考查略读和跳读能力，而应用文是最适合考查略读和跳读能力的体裁。
例：（2018全国I卷A篇，保留原题号，下同）
Washington, D.C. Bicycle Tours
Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.
Duration: 3 hours
This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the world-famous cherry trees ... Reserve your spot before availability — and the cherry blossoms — disappear!
Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour
Duration: 3 hours (4 miles)
Join a guided bike tour and view some of the most popular monuments ... Guided tour includes bike, helmet, cookies and bottled water.
Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.
Duration: 3 hours
Morning or Afternoon, this bike tour ... Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most interesting stories about Presidents, Congress, memorials, and parks ...
Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour
Duration: 3 hours (7 miles)
Join a small group bike tour ... All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights.
21. Which tour do you need to book in advance?
A. Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C. B. Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour.
C. Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, D.C. D. Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour.
22. What will you do on the Capital City Bike Tour?
A. Meet famous people. B. Go to a national park.
C. Visit well-known museums. D. Enjoy interesting stories.
23. Which of the following does the bicycle tour at night provide?
A. City maps. B. Cameras. C. Meals. D. Safety lights.
本文是应用文。文章介绍了四种骑自行车游览华盛顿的活动。答案依次是A、D、D。
通过浏览题目不难发现，三道题均为细节理解题。再阅读文章可知，三道题都是只需要阅读个别信息就可以找到答案。也就是通过先看题目，再读文章，利用跳读的方法，只需读几十词就可以快速且正确作答。
二、顺序寻找答案线索，特殊情况除外
通常一篇阅读理解的数个题目的答案线索在文中是依次出现的，特殊情况除外——例如，主旨大意题、标题归纳题、文章出处题、写作目的题等题目是建立在文章全部内容之上的，通常放在最后或最前面，解答这些题目的明显依据视文章具体情况而定。因此，答题时要避免做每一道题都盲目地从头到尾找线索，而应在上一道题的答案线索下方找本道题的答案线索。意识到这一点，我们在做题过程中可以节约不少时间。
例：（2018全国II卷C篇）
Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun, according to a Common Sense Media report published Monday.
While the decline over the past decade is steep for teen readers ...
According to the report’s key findings, “the proportion (比例) who say they ‘hardly ever’ read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.”
The report data shows that pleasure reading levels for younger children ...
When it comes to technology and reading ... It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time.
The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading. Data shows that kids and teens who do read frequently, compared to infrequent readers, have more books in the home, more books purchased for them, parents who read more often, and parents who set aside time for them to read.
As the end of school approaches, and school vacation reading lists ...
28. What is the Common Sense Media report probably about?
A. Children’s reading habits. B. Quality of children’s books.
C. Children’s after-class activities. D. Parent-child relationships.
29. Where can you find the data that best supports “children are reading a lot less for fun”?
A. In paragraph 2. B. In paragraph 3. C. In paragraph 4. D. In paragraph 5.
30. Why do many parents limit electronic reading?
A. E-books are of poor quality. B. It could be a waste of time.
C. It may harm children’s health. D. E-readers are expensive.
31. How should parents encourage their children to read more?
A. Act as role models for them. B. Ask them to write book reports.
C. Set up reading groups for them. D. Talk with their reading class teachers.
本文是说明文。文章主要讲述了青少年快乐阅读的人数呈下降趋势，而父母应在阅读方面对孩子起到榜样和引导作用。答案依次是A、B、C、A。第28、29题是细节理解题；第30、31题是推理判断题。四道题的答案线索依次出现在第一、三、五、六段。
三、仔细阅读题干，排除干扰项
通常阅读理解的选项均与文章中的信息相关：正确选项是对原文部分内容的同义替换或者总结归纳；干扰项有的会在原文中全部或部分出现，有的是对文章部分信息断章取义的结果，有的则是对原文信息的错误联想。很多同学妄想不读懂文章，甚至不仔细阅读题干，仅凭某一选项中的某个单词或表达在文章中出现过就选为答案的做法往往使自己中了命题人的圈套，是非常不可取的。
例：（2018全国III卷B篇）
...
Dawson did not have any of ... An avalanche (雪崩) once closed the path, killing 63 people. ...
But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable. Necessities like food and wood were very expensive. But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found. The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come. Today, people still come and go — to see where the Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City — its present population is 762.
26. What was the main reason for many people to leave Dawson?
A. They found the city too crowded. B. They wanted to try their luck elsewhere.
C. They were unable to stand the winter. D. They were short of food.
本文是说明文。文章介绍了加拿大城市道森市的兴衰史。选文是文章第二、三段的内容。第26题的答案是B。
正确选项是对原文when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come的总结。干扰项A是对原文The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down断章取义的结果；干扰项C、D分别是对原文An avalanche once closed the path及Necessities like food and wood were very expensive的错误联想。
总之，要想做好阅读理解题，扎实的语言功底是基础，正确的解题方法是关键。此外，还需要通过认真做高质量的试题积累实战经验。掌握了以上方法，大家在做阅读理解题时必定会更加游刃有余！赶快试试吧！
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