定语从句是高中英语语法学习的重点和难点，而如何正确选择关系代词和关系副词又是定语从句高考题中的主要考点。那么怎样区分关系代词和关系副词，并进行正确的选择呢？
定语从句中的关系代词有：that, which, who, whom, whose等；关系副词有：where, when, why等。其用法如下表：
怎样快速、准确地选择定语从句的关系词有一定的方法和技巧。可分为三步：
第一步：判断从句谓语动词的词性。看从句谓语动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，确定从句缺少什么成分，如果缺少主、宾、表或定语，就一定选关系代词；如果不缺主、宾、表或定语成分，就考虑选关系副词。第二步：确定了是选关系代词或关系副词后，再看先行词指人还是指物，进一步缩小范围，排除不能选择的选项。第三步：综合其他特殊情况（如只能用that或as等），最终确定好关系词。而分析从句的成分，找出所缺成分，是确定好关系代词还是关系副词的关键。下面我们通过近两年的高考题来掌握怎样由从句中所缺成分来确定关系代词和关系副词。
一、定语从句中缺主语的情况
如果定语从句中的动词是及物动词（vt.），动词后带有宾语，即：“_____ vt 宾语”结构或不及物动词（vi.）带有状语，即：“_____ vi 状语”这样的结构中要选关系代词，因为只有关系代词可以在从句中充当主语，从而可以排除关系副词。
例1. By 16:30, ______ was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold.
A. which B. when C. what D. that
分析：先行词16:30虽然表面上指时间，但从句中动词was前缺主语，根据第一步可以确定选关系代词，排除when，而what不引导定语从句。再根据特殊情况，非限制性定语从句不能使用that ，所以答案只能选A。
例2. It is the third time that she has won the race, ______ has surprised us all.
A. that B. where C. which D. what
分析：同样的，根据从句中缺主语和非限制性从句两个条件可以知道答案为C。
二、定语从句中缺宾语的情况
如果定语从句中的谓语动词是及物动词vt，动词前已有主语，即：“主 vt ______”的结构或主语后是不及物动词加介词，即：“主 vi 介词 ______”的结构。这样的结构中也要选关系代词，因为只有关系代词可以在从句中充当宾语，可以排除关系副词。
例3. That evening, _______ I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late.
A. that B. which C. what D. when
分析：本题是“主 vi 介词 ______”的结构，tell sb. about sth.先行词That evening作介词about的宾语，所以只能选关系代词，但又因是非限制性定语从句，所以只能选which。
例4. You’ll find taxis waiting at the bus station ____ you can hire to reach your host family.
A. which B. where C. when D. as
分析：本题是“主 vt ______”的结构，先行词为taxis，在从句中充当及物动词hire的宾语，所以只能选关系代词，又因为先行词指物，所以只能选which了。
三、定语从句中缺表语的情况：
如果定语从句中的谓语动词为系动词，后面缺的成分是表语成分，即：“主 系动词 _____”的结构。这样的结构里也只能选用关系代词来做表语。
例5. When deeply absorbed in work, ______ he often was, he would forget all about eating or sleeping.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
分析：本题中的先行词为短语deeply absorbed in work，做从句谓语动词was的表语，只能选用关系代词that和which，而且本题考的是非限制性定语从句，排除that，所以答案为B。
四、定语从句中缺定语的情况：
在定语从句中，如果从句中的主语或宾语缺少的是定语，不管先行词指人还是指物，都选用whose。
例6. The prize will go to the writer _____ story shows the most imagination.
A. that B. which C. whose D. what
分析：本题中从句的主语story被先行词writer修饰，先行词writer在从句中做定语成分，故只能选whose。
例7. The school shop, ______ customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays.
A. which B. whose C. when D. where
分析：同样的本题中的先行词the school shop在从句中充当定语作用，修饰从句的主语customers，所以选用关系代词whose。
五、定语从句中缺状语的情况：
如果定语从句的结构是下面几种完整的句子：
1、主 vt 宾；
2、主 vi 介词 宾语；
3、主 vi；
4、主 系 表；
5、There be句型
6、主 be 过去分词
在这些结构中，从句中不缺少主、宾、表、定语了，只能是缺少状语，那么就排除关系代词，选用关系副词。而且如果先行词是表示时间的名词就选when，如果是表示地点的名词就选where，如果是表原因reason选why。
例8. Sales director is a position _______ communication ability is just as importance as sales skills.
A. which B. that C. when D. where
分析：本题中定语从句是属于一个完整的“主 系 表”结构，所以先行词只能在从句中做状语，排除关系代词which和that，而且先行词position指位置、地点，所以又排除when，所以答案为where。
例9. We live in an age________ more information is available with greater ease than ever before.
A. why B. when C. to whom D. on which
分析：本题中的从句也是一个句意完整的“主 系 表”结构，不缺主、宾、表、定成分，所以排除关系代词，而且age是指时间的名词，故答案选when，若换成介词 关系代词的话应该是in which。
例10. Care of the soul is a gradual process ________ even the small details of life should be considered.
A. what B. in what C. which D. in which
分析：本题中的从句部分是属于“主 be 过去分词”结构，所以从句中不缺主要成分，先行词只能在从句中充当状语，所以只能选用关系副词或者介词 关系代词，因为process指地点，所以可以使用where或in which。故答案为D。
例11. Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, _______ the audience can buy ice—cream.
A. when B. where C. that D. which
分析：本题中的定语从句是一个完整的“主 vt 宾”结构，所以先行词只能在从句中充当状语，又因为interval意为“间隔，幕间休息”，是指时间方面的名词，故使用关系副词when。
总结：
仿真高考题演练：
1. Remember that there is still one point ______we must make clear at the conference tomorrow.
A. where B. why C. when D. that
2. The time is drawing near ______food raised in space will directly benefit humans below.
A. where B. when C. whether D. why
3. We went through a period _____communications were very difficult in the rural areas.
A. which B. in which C. whose D. with which
4. The small town is just the one _____you know I used to work when I was young.
A. that B. which C. what D. where
5. The hardships of my early life constantly reminds me to provide the best environment for my son, _______, I have to admit, may result in a little spoiling(溺爱).
A. that B. which C. what D. who
6. As a result of our serious staff shortages, the situation has risen _____we have to hire graduating college students for help．
A. that B. when C. where D. as
7. —What do you think of teacher, Bob？
—I find it fun and challenging. It is a job _____you are doing something serious but interesting.
A. where B. which C. when D. that
8. Do you still remember the chicken farm ______we visited three months ago?
A. where B. when C. that D. what
1-5 DBBDB 6-8 CAC
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